Shire, Maker of Binge-Eating Drug Vyvanse, First Marketed the Disease By Katie Thomas

Andrew Babyak                                                                                           May 27, 2015

Chem C Odd                                                                                                 Mr. Ippolito

Shire, Maker of Binge-Eating Drug Vyvanse, First Marketed the Disease

Thomas, Katie. "Shire, Maker of Binge-Eating Drug Vyvanse, First Marketed the Disease." New York Times. N.p., 24 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2015. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F02%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fshire-maker-of-binge-eating-drug-vyvanse-first-marketed-the-disease.html%3F_r%3D0>.

        This is a very interesting article.  This article discusses binge-eating as well as possible forms of treatment, specifically a new drug called Vyvanse.  Shockingly, many professional athletes can develop this disease as a result of the large amount of food that they have to eat after a workout or a game.  This fact was proved when retired tennis player Monica Seles became a spokeswoman for Shire, and publicly talked about her personal struggle with binge eating.  Ms. Seles promotes Shire’s top-selling drug Vyvanse, to treat binge-eating disorder.  You probably have heard of Michael Phelps’ absurd eight to ten thousand calorie diet per day and may have wondered how he consumes such a large amount of food per day.  Monica Seles trained to a very high extent, just like Phelps and even consumed a large amount of food too.  However, as the years went by, she was unable to control what she ate and her large meal plan, turned into a binge-eating disorder.  This article shows exactly how our diets can get the best of us if we are not careful.  Although Vyvanse is a great way of treating binge-eating disorders, there are many things about it that worry doctors and federal organizations.  For example, “Several drug safety and addiction experts said the approval was of particular concern because of amphetamines’ troubled history as a treatment for weight loss. Vyvanse is converted by the body into an amphetamine when it is swallowed” (Katie Thomas 3).  Vyvanse can be abused by many users as a form of weight loss or in the purpose of getting high, now that the general public knows about the glories of amphetamines (Thomas 2).  Although Vyvanse has some flaws in it, it still serves as a useful treatment to binge-eating disorders.  

        This topic has a significant connection to my personal life.  As a national level swimmer and lacrosse player, I consume a large amount of food and calories a day due to the amount of exercise and calories I do in my workouts.  I need to keep fueling my body with food or else my muscles will not have enough energy to perform at the high level of intensity that I need them to. Although, I do not eat as much as Michael Phelps, I still need to be mindful of what I eat and make sure that I do not lose control of what I am putting into my body.  

        Overall, I thought that this was a well written article.  The author included several different opinions of large organizations that pertained to the topic, which allowed the reader to see both sides to the use of Vyvanse.  The author also did a nice job of describing Vyvanse and its purpose.  Finally, I thought the article would be better if the author, Katie Thomas, included a brief overview of what a binge-eating disorder is and the symptoms and causes it has.  If you did not know what a binge-eating disorder was when you were reading the article it would be difficult to follow and understand what was going on.  

"Scientists Sample the Ocean and Find Tiny Additions to the Tree of Life."

Rachel Billings 5/27/15

Weintraub, Karen. "Scientists Sample the Ocean and Find Tiny Additions to the Tree of Life."

The New York Times. The New York Times, 21 May 2015. Web. 27 May 2015.

<http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/22/science/scientists-sample-the-ocean-and-find-tiny-additions-to-the-tree-of-life.html?ref=science>.

The article “Scientists Sample the Ocean and Find Tiny Additions to the Tree of Life” by Karen Weintraub discusses the discovery of tiny microbes that affect the ocean significantly, but are being affected themselves by the increase in temperature due to global warming. These tiny creatures may be among the oldest on the Earth and together, they absorb carbon dioxide, make oxygen, break down waste, and nourish other creatures. These findings, in the words of Ms. Weintraub, “have added an order of magnitude to what we know of the Tree of Life, vastly expanding its base.” All this was discovered through the expedition of the schooner Tara. Tara helped bring to light just how serious the global warming situation is to these creatures. “Temperature is the most important environmental factor determining the composition of these communities,” said Chris Bowler, a genomics expert with the Department of Biology of the École Normale Supérieure and the National Center for Scientific Research in France.

This topic is very important for us to know because global warming has greatly affected our lives and the more we learn about how it is affecting other lives, the more we can do to prevent it. 70% of the world's oceans and seas, so it is crucial that we protect them and the creatures they hold. Its also interesting for us to learn about these microbes because they help our oceans survive. I am not very into marine biology, but I do care about global warming and the fact that it is harming these creatures that have been around for millions of years is horrifying to me.

This article was very well-written. I liked how the author separated the article into small paragraphs because it makes it easier to read. I also liked how the author explained the experiments that the scientists have been doing over the past couple of years and what they have learned from these experiments. She included a lot of quotes too, which gives me a look at what some professionals think of the situation. I think the author could have explained what exactly the microbes were, but overall, this article by Karen Weintraub was very informative and well-written.

A Robot That Can Perform Brain Surgery on a Fruit Fly

Andrew Cargill                                                                                              5/28/15

Chem C Odd                                                                                                  Mr. Ippolito

Markoff, John. "A Robot That Can Perform Brain Surgery on a Fruit Fly." The New York Times. The New York Times, 27 May 2015. Web. 27 May 2015.

The article, “A Robot That Can Perform Brain Surgery on a Fruit Fly” by John Markoff, talks about the advances being made at Stanford dealing with Drosophila, one of the most popular experimental animals.  The system of robots has been prototyped by a team of biologists and roboticists at Stanford, and they are revolutionizing the information that they are bale to obtain.  The article states that, “Tasks such as determining gender, measuring the size of body parts and even performing micro-brain surgery — long performed by graduate students armed with tweezers — can now be assigned to a robot.”  The article then explain one experiment where, “the robot exposed a fly running on a tiny trackball to different odors as the researchers recorded its changing path. The robot arm is extremely precise and uses the fly’s legs as shock absorbers, to avoid crushing or impaling the insects.” In addition, to show how efficient these robots are, the article mentions, “The robot is also far more efficient than the previous grad student-powered methods. As described Monday in the journal Nature Methods, one $5,000 robot was able to study as many as 1,000 flies in a 10 hour period.” 

            This has a big effect on humanity.  To be able to go through with various tests and experiment using these fruit flies will later serve as useful information for scientists around the world.  Also, it provides a unique experience for robot makers and technological scientists who can benefit from these advances being made.  While it may not impact my friends of family on a regular basis, it will serve the scientific community tremendously and will lead to more advances in the near future. 

            The article was very disappointing.  It did not have any many quotes or primary sources.  However, the information was relevant and detailed. The article was ridiculously concise, being as it is only 5 small paragraphs.  The information was needed, but a lot more could’ve been added to further improve the article.  After reading the article, I still have a lot of questions on the topic and I feel unsatisfied with what I just read.  Overall, the article served well to deliver the main idea, but did not go further to elaborate on any ideas.

New Approach Trains Robots to Match Human Dexterity and Speed

George Daskalakis 5/21/15

Chemistry 9 D Even Mr. Ippolito

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/22/science/robots-that-can-match-human-dexterity.html?ref=science&_r=0

Markoff, John. "New Approach Trains Robots to Match Human Dexterity and Speed." The New

York Times. The New York Times, 21 May 2015. Web. 21 May 2015.

In the article, “New Approach Trains Robots to Match Human Dexterity and Speed” by John Markoff touches on the steps that have been taken to make robots perform more and more humanly activities. Putting it in simpler terms, robots are doing things like picking up objects as well as putting together pieces of a large Lego set. This study took place at the University of California Berkeley and these robots took years to create and is installed with certain types of specific software that allows the robot to adapt to these human activities without much training at all. This software is so special that the robot can do so many specific human tasks, which really makes this a major step in modern technology.

This article affects humanity in two ways. One way it affects humanity is by what advancement it brings to the robotics field. Robots have been taking years to develop, and knowone really knows the capabilities of a robot, or if it can recreate human activities. This article and study prove that there was a big step forward in robotics and even bigger steps to come. The second way this affects humanity because like a typical Sci-Fi movie would go, robots might take over the world. It seems crazy at first, but seeing what these robots are capable of, it goes to show that before you know it, you might see a robot in a house or walking down the street, pretty scary!

Lastly, there are a few things I would point out in this article that could have been better. One thing I would like to point out was that there are obviously a lot more universities with other advancements in robotics, but they really only focused in on the University of California Berkeley study, rather than touching on any other studies. Another thing I would have liked in this article if some tougher words were elaborated more, because some of those technology pieces are a mouthful.

A Way to Brew Morphine Raises Concerns Over Regulation.

Mac Crawford

5-21-15

Mcneil, Donald G. "A Way to Brew Morphine Raises Concerns Over Regulation." The New

York Times. The New York Times, 18 May 2015. Web. 21 May 2015.

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/health/a-way-to-brew-morphine-raises-concerns-over-regulation.html?ref=science

The article I chose to review was, “A Way to Brew Morphine Raises Concerns Over Regulation,” by Donald G. Mcneil. This article first explained how scientists have found a way to genetically produce morphine. This is very helpful because although it is quite easy to obtain the plant where morphine is excreted from, The actual extraction process is quite vigorous and expensive. But  making it easier to produce morphine is also very bad because the drug heroin can easily be made if you have morphine. So drug cartels would have a guaranteed, less expensive way to produce this horrible drug heroin.

This article clearly connects to our world. If this drug heroin is going to become much easier to make then it will also become much easier to sell and will be used much more. Almost all drugs affect crime so it could be said that the more heroin out there, the more criminal actions will take place.

Overall this article is very well written. The author does a great job of explaining all of his ideas with quotes and facts. Also, the article is written in many short paragraphs, which is very professional. There were no noticeable typos or grammatical mistakes that I could find. In conclusion the author did a great job explaining this topic in this article.

Katie Gordon

May 21, 2015

Oil Spill in California: A huge oil slick lines the California coast after a pipeline breaks

Blackburn, Laura. "News." Oil Spill in California. N.p., 20 May 2015. Web. 21 May 2015.

http://www.timeforkids.com/news/oil-spill-california/243386

The article “Oil Spill in California: A huge oil slick lines the California coast after pipeline breaks” by Laura Blackburn, talks about the pipe burst in California causing a half mile of oil to form in the ocean. The spill was discovered by authorities responding to a foul smell near Refugio State Beach. The article touches on how the U.S. Coast Guard, Santa Barbara County emergency officials, and state parks officials began the process of cleaning up the area. “To see this level of spill in such a sensitive and treasured environment is devastating to watch,” said Owen Bailey, executive director of the Environmental Defense Center, in a statement. “These waters are known as the Galapagos of North America with numerous species of endangered whales migrating through marine protected areas.” Laura Blackburn also writes about how history is repeating itself, with the big pipeline break in 1969, where oil lined the entire coast line.

In my opinion, this article brings up elements that people should be more aware of. This pipe burst is significant to humanity because with oil in our oceans the marine life is at great risk. More and more creatures are becoming extinct and at danger because of these oil outbreaks. “This is an important reminder that we must redouble our efforts to make safer, cleaner and forward-looking decisions on energy production,” said Bailey.

This article was very well-written by Laura Blackburn, except for some aspects. Blackburn could have added more details on the actual burst and its effect on society. Although, Blackburn did a great job on adding in quotes to help the reader grasps the importance on the topic. Overall, the article was well written and informative.

A Way to Brew Morphine Raises Concern Over Regulation

Oliver Evison

McNeil, Donald G. "A Way to Brew Morphine Raises Concerns Over Regulation." The New York Times. The New York Times, 18 May 2015. Web. 21 May 2015.

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/health/a-way-to-brew-morphine-raises-concerns-over-regulation.html?ref=science&_r=0

The article, “A Way to Brew Morphine Raises Concerns Over Regulations,” by Donald G. McNeil Jr., is about how their is a new way to breed morphine a painkiller drug, and the substance used to refine heroin. Before, the only way to breed this painkiller was through the opium poppy, commonly found in Afghanistan, Laos, and Myanmar. However, with new and recent discovery, it will be possible to breed this drug through yeast genetically modified to turn sugar into morphine. Yeast cells produce the pigment betaxanthin, which researchers used to identify key enzymes in the production of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, the metabolites in the poppy plant that could lead to morphine, antibiotics and other pharmaceutical agents. Although, this could serve a huge loss to the battle against drugs like heroin, a spokesperson for the D.E.A. said that, “His agency does not perceive any imminent threat, because no modified yeast strain is available yet.”

This article is very significant. This could change the whole spectrum of drug control and enforcement. With a new way to make heroin, the battle against drugs will become even harder for law enforcement around the world. Heroin will be easier smuggled, and just harder to control.

McNeil did a very good job with this article. He stated the facts,and brought in many outside sources to make his argument better. I wish he would have used some statistics about morphine and the opium poppy though. It would have made his argument even stronger.

Antibodies Resurface as Alternative to Removing Appendix

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/health/antibiotics-resurface-as-alternative-to-removing-appendix.html?ref=science&_r=0

Cindy Kwok

5/20/15

Kolata, Gina. "Antibiotics Resurface as Alternative to Removing Appendix."The New York Times.      The New York Times, 18 May 2015. Web. 20 May 2015.

The article I read, “Antibiotics Resurface as Alternative to Removing Appendix” by Gina Kolata is about how many Americans each year gets appendicitis (an inflammation of the appendix), and they think that the appendix must be removed using surgery right away. However, there has been a recent study that shows that many people who use antibodies did not need the surgery later on. Now many doctors, including Dr.Talan, are trying to do tests which compare which treatment is better for surgery: antibodies or surgery? The doctors claim that even though surgery takes much longer and the patients who took the antibodies felt better almost immediately, the people who took antibodies said they felt abdominal pains a few months later.

This article is significant to humanity because more than 300,000 Americans get appendicitis each year that they have to have removed using surgery. Antibodies will help with the patients and cost less than having to get surgery, although there are slight side effects and many people do not trust it. I think it is important to know what is going on concerning the treatment especially since it pertains to so many people. It is nice to know that doctors are working together to determine what the best treatment is, and that they are working on creating an antibody that doesn’t result in abdominal pain after a few short months. This was an interesting article and it was well written. There were a few quotes from the doctors and patients who used antibodies and the author explained everything clearly. 

World's First Robot-Staffed Hotel to Open in Japan - Zach Zucker

World's First Robot-Staffed Hotel to Open in Japan

http://www.livescience.com/49711-japanese-robot-hotel.html

What if as you checked in to a hotel, everything was down for you by robots? Well, a hotel that is part of a theme park in Nagasaki, Japan has just this. The staff of the hotel is all robots. The name of the hotel is Henn na which even means "strange hotel". The robots will work as reception attendants, waiters, and even cleaning staff. These robots take the form of young Japanese women that will be able to speak Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and English. They will be able to mimic hand gestures and even eye movements. As well as robots, guests will also be able to access their room by face resignation software. "We'd like to draw visitors to this setting surrounded by nature by establishing a smart hotel, which could be something we could spread through Japan and the world."

This can be helpful to humanity but also hurtful. This is helpful because robots will not get tired doing these jobs. They will never be in a negative mood and can most likely carry and size of suitcase. Although, this can be hurtful to humanity because this is taking away many jobs from people who are working at hotels. Also, the price for making the robots would be expensive

I think this article was very fact filled and interesting to see that this could happen in the near future. It is also scary because these could have been our future jobs. I would like to learn more about this topic and learn about the mechanics of these robots

Ancient Collision Made Nepal Earthquake Inevitable

Rachel Billings                                                                                                 5/18/15

                                   

Chang, Kenneth. "Ancient Collision Made Nepal Earthquake Inevitable." The New York Times. The New York Times, 25 Apr. 2015. Web. 18 May 2015.

    This review by Gigi was really interesting. I really liked how she laid out the facts that would help the reader better understand the topic of the article. She also gave some background information about Nepal and why these earthquakes are occurring. Understanding the cause of something is really important, so it's good that she included that. I liked how she used a quote from an expert too. I think her summary was a little confusing, though. She could have written it a little more smoothly and added some more details. I also think she could have added her opinion. It's scary to think about the number of earthquakes Nepal and surrounding areas have had because of this everlasting collision. I have never experienced an earthquake, but I can imagine how terribly tragic they can be and it's good for people to know about them. This review of the article "Ancient Collision Made Nepal Earthquakes Inevitable" by Gigi is very informative and factual. 

In a First, a Fish Is Shown to Be Fully Warm-Blooded.

Scott McGrath

Core Chem

Current Event 11

Bhanoo, Sindya. "In a First, a Fish Is Shown to Be Fully Warm-Blooded." New York Times (2015): n. pag. New York Times. Web. 18 May 2015.

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/science/in-a-first-a-fish-is-shown-to-be-fully-warm-blooded.html?src=me&_r=1

In the article “In a First, a Fish Found to Be Fully Warm-Blooded,” by Sindya N. Bhanoo, she discusses a fish found recently, that was fully warm-blooded. The opah, or moonfish, is the first  fully warm-blooded fish, not counting some fish such as tuna, who can change their blood temperature in certain situations. Its a silver colored fish the size of a tire, and is found all over the oceans. It harnesses its heat by flapping its fins frantically, thus giving it survival advantages in colder water.

This article is significant in many fields. We previously thought there was not a completely warm-blooded fish, but again, nature proves us wrong. This just goes to show that there are always new discoveries were we least expect them. This is also a scientific breakthrough because if there’s one warm-blooded fish, there's a possibility of more species just waiting to be found.\

This article was overall well written. The one thing that could definitely be improved upon was the length of the article. I know there probably was not enough information, but the author could surely have added some more lines to the short paragraph that it presently is. To sum it up, this article was very interesting, and I was intrigued to learn that they had found a completely warm-blooded fish swimming amongst the other cold-blooded fish.

Ancient Collision Made Nepal Earthquake Inevitable

Chang, Kenneth. "Ancient Collision Made Nepal Earthquake Inevitable." The New York Times. The New York Times, 25 Apr. 2015. Web. 18 May 2015.

I read an interesting article about earthquakes that are occurring in Nepal every 75 years which are inevitable.This article is about a collision between India and Asia. India used to be a separate island, but overtime it crashed into Asia and these two pieces of land created Mount Everest. These two pieces of land are continuing to push together, moving at a speed of 1.5 to 2 inches  each year. Every time this happens, an earthquake occurs. Adding to the land mass collisions, the area around Katmandu is on an ancient dried up lake-bed, which contributes to the earthquake damage.

These earthquakes obviously have a terrible effect on humanity. In a recent 7.3 magnitude earthquake that occurred there, over 7,000 people died so far. There was just another earthquake last week also. GeoHazards International which is a non- profit organization, made a prediction. There was an earthquake in Nepal in 1934, with a magnitude of 8.1, and 10,000 people died. They predict that, “ if the 1934 quake were to happen again, 40,000 people would die because of migration to the city where tall, flimsily built buildings would collapse.” Dr. Tucker, head of GeoHazard considers Nepal to be particularly in danger of loss of life because it’s, “building standards and disaster preparations are seen as inadequate.”

I think this article was very well written and informative. The first thing I noticed that the author Kenneth Chang did well was inform the reader of all the facts having to do with the earthquakes occurring in Nepal. This was necessary in order for the reader to have an understanding of why and how these earthquakes are happening. The other thing that really proved how well written this article is, is the sources they used. The author quoted two sources, GeoHazards International. GeoHazards is helping to set up local non-profit organizations. The other source the author used was Roger Bilham, who is a professor of geological sciences at the University of Colorado. These sources are very credible and can assure the reader that the information is all accurate.

Link to Article: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/science/ancient-collision-made-nepal-earthquake-inevitable-epochs-later.html?_r=0

Human Ingenuity Takes On Cancer’s Darwinian Ways

Human Ingenuity Takes On Cancer’s Darwinian Ways
by: George Johnson
Current Event 11

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/science/human-ingenuity-takes-on-the-bodys-darwinian-ways.html?ref=science&_r=0

Johnson, George. "Human Ingenuity Takes On Cancer’s Darwinian Ways." The New York Times. The New York Times, 18 May 2015. Web. 18 May 2015.

In George Johnson’s article Human Ingenuity Takes On Cancer’s Darwinian Ways” explains how Darwin’s famous evolution theory is now being used to create cures for cancer. Johnson explains how in the 1950s Australian virologist suggested that by using Darwin’s famous theory, DNA could be shuffled until a microb encountered an alike microb forming together (think yin and yang) activating antibody that would multiply and fight infection. Johnson goes on to explain how cancer is unlike many infections and diseases, in that it forms later in life, with the advantage that people are past their reproductive time, so whats the point in staying alive? Of course saddening to victims, the mostly terminal disease has this added benefit that it destroys those who don’t necessarily have a “purpose” anymore (reproductively speaking). Scientists have thus tried treating patients by extracting immune cells in order to fight the tumors, known as Immunotherapy. While scientists understand that the field has far to go, the hope for the future is that technology and medicine bring upon a new era of greater change.

I feel that this article is significant because he was able to open up the eyes of readers into the medical world. Treatments, theories, and procedures were thoroughly described throughout the article presenting loads of new information people can carry with them throughout their lives. This article was able to open my eyes to a disease I have always been familiar with. Cancer I feel is an overused word, most people don’t even understand, other than it being disease many of us have lost loved ones to. This article showed me how this disease develops and hids in people, developing and forming in unique ways, with unique cures. I felt that this article was able to finally give readers a needed understand of the disease and how scientists and doctors are working together to use theories in order to create a cure.

Although I felt that this article was very well informative and well written I felt that there could be some improvements. With George Johnson being overly educated on cancer and everything that goes in hand with the topic, I felt that he wrote the article intending for people to have a good understanding of the topic already. I had hoped that he would have given background information throughout the piece rather than giving brief explanations. I also feel that quotes from scientists and doctors would have been very helpful to include. Overall I felt that the piece was really well written and extremely informative.

Even One Hour of TV Daily May Cause Kids to Gain Weight

Christensen, Jen. "Even One Hour of TV Daily May Cause Kids to Gain Weight." CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 16 May 2015.

http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/29/health/kindergartners-tv-weight-gain/index.html

The article I read called Hour of TV daily may lead to weight gain in kindergartners, study says by Jen Christensen was about the impact that watching TV has on young children. Dr. Mark DeBoer, an associate professor of pediatrics with the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes at the University of Virginia, conducted an observational study on about 11,000 children over the span of one year. The 11,000 children were enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study in the 2011-2012 school year. A year later the researchers examined the data and interviewed many of the parents about the amount of time their child spent watching TV. After this they measured the child’s height and weight. He found that: on average kindergarteners watch 3.3 hours of television. Yet he also found that kids who watched as little as an hour a day, were 50% to 60% more likely to be overweight and 58% to 73% were more likely to be obese when comparing them to kids who watch less than one hour of television a day. Children who watched more than an hour a day are 39% more likely to be overweight and 86% more likely to be obese. These statistics are shocking, yet something that Dr. DeBoer found even more shocking was that he found no correlation between kids weight an computer time. Before DeBoer conducted this study, the American Academy of Pediatrics said that kids should watch less than 2 hours of TV a day and children under 2 should not watch TV at all, yet now DeBoer is saying that 2 hours might be too much. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that childhood obesity has more than doubled in the past 30 years! DeBoer did this study because children who are overweight or obese are more likely to have cardiovascular issues, more likely to have cancer, get bullied, and are more prone to prediabetes.

This article is very important because I know I as well as my friends and family watch a lot  of television. I never knew how badly just an hour of TV could affect your health. Many parents do not realize this as well, and if they were to read this article I believe many of them would stop letting their children watch as much TV. The impact that TV has had on children is exponentially rising. The fact that 73% of kids watching TV for more than one hour a day are more likely to become obese, than kids who watch less than one hour a day is scary. Society should start taking these statistics seriously and hold their children back from watching so much TV. This article should be read by all parents to inform them of the effect television is having on their child’s health. I know that I will start watching less TV after reading this article.

I think that this article was written well but had a couple things that could be fixed. One thing is that I found the article a little bit confusing because of the sequencing of the story. I wish that the writer, organized it a little bit better to make it easier for the reader. I also think that the author could have broken up the article with subtitles so the distinction between the study and statistics of obesity in general was more clear. The author did a great job explaining the experiment, and writing about it; this article was very relevant to society and interesting and I really enjoyed reading it.